According to the Code, who can provide information about resolving challenges to scores?

The correct answer is that all parties involved in testing can provide information about resolving challenges to scores. This approach aligns with best practices in ethical testing procedures, which emphasize transparency and collaboration among all stakeholders. When various parties are involved—such as educators, administrators, and testing professionals—it fosters an environment where concerns can be duly addressed, ensuring that the interpretation and ranking of test scores are handled fairly and responsibly.

Involving multiple parties is crucial because different perspectives contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the testing process and the results. Each party may have unique insights or access to information that can illuminate the reasons behind a particular score or challenge, leading to more effective resolution strategies.

The other options suggest a more restricted approach, where only specific individuals or groups are responsible for providing information about score challenges. This can lead to a lack of accountability and communication, and may not adequately address concerns raised by students or their guardians, undermining trust in the assessment process.